5G (05:08 PM)

• It is an advanced level of mobile technology.
• 1G: Analog mobile phone
• 2G: Digital phones
• 3G: Smartphones
• 4G: It diluted the difference between phones and computers.

How 4G and 5G are different from each other? (5:13 PM):

• Parameters	4G	5G
  Speed	1 Gb/s	20 Gb/s
  Latency	10 ms	<1ms
  Connection density	100,000/km2	1,000,000/km2
  Spectrum	3 GHz	30GHz

Who decides telecommunication standards? (05:17 PM)

• 5G is not one technology but an amalgamation of many technologies which make 5 G standards possible.
• These standards are decided by:
• 1. International Telecommunication Union (a body of the UN), and
• 2. 3GPP (3rd generation Partnership Project).
• 3GPP includes 7 standard development organizations of the world.
• eg. Telecommunication standards development society of India is one of the members.

Technologies and innovations of 5G (05:26 PM): 

• 1. Millimeter wave:
• 5G is using following types of the spectrum:
• Low band (< 1 GHz)
• Mid band (1.25-4.7 GHz)
• High band (24-40 GHz): It lies in a millimeter wave region.
• 2. Small cell stations:
• Small cells make use of low-power short-range wireless transmission that covers small geographical areas.
• It means cell stations will take less physical space, thus more cell stations and more density of connection can be supported.
• 4. Massive MIMO (Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs):
• It is a wireless communication technique to send and receive multiple data signals simultaneously over the same radio channel.
• One small cell station can process many input and output signals simultaneously to many devices without any interference.
• 5. Beamforming:
• It focuses wireless signals in a chosen direction towards a specific receiving device.
• This leads to improved signals and less interference between signals.
• 6. Network Slicing:
• It is an algorithm where 1 physical network can be divided into various distinct virtual networks that provide different amounts of resources to different types of traffic.
• 7. Edge computing:
• Cloud computing refers to the use of remote servers typically located in large data centers to manage, store, and process data and applications.
• With cloud computing, users can access services on demand over the internet without the need for hardware.
• Edge computing on the other hand involves processing and analyzing data closer to where it is generated.
• This approach is designed to reduce latency and improve real-time decision-making.
• Edge computing is being integrated with a 5 G Network.

Challenges and Issues Associated with 5G (6:27 PM)

• 1. Complete 5 G supply chain has high import dependency because imports account for 90% of India's telecom equipment market.
• 2. There may be difficulty in availing of some bands required for 5G because of their uses in other areas. 
• eg. Airline communication
• 3. 5 G is very much dependent upon virtual components which also enhances cyber security vulnerabilities.
• 4. Only about 1/3rd of base stations are connected by optical fiber cables 
• 5. In India there is already a digital divide between rural and urban.
• 5G will widen this digital divide.
• 6. There is a perceived threat from 5G radiations. However, there is not enough scientific evidence regarding the damages of non-ionizing radiations.

SUPERCOMPUTERS (07:14 PM)

• A type of computer that is designed to perform highly complex calculations and data-intensive tasks at extremely high speeds.
• They are different from normal day-to-day computers in several ways:
• 1. A supercomputer can perform multiple calculations simultaneously which is called parallel processing.
• In contrast, an ordinary computer does one work at a time in distinct series of operations through serial processing.
• 2. The capacity of a supercomputer is measured in Flops (Floating lines operation per second).
• A typical Super computer will have the capacity in Petaflops.
• While the capacity of an ordinary computer is measured in MIPS (million instructions per second).
• 3. Supercomputer has a large amount of memory to support faster working.

Application of Supercomputing (07:36 PM):

• 1. Scientific research:
• In many areas like astrophysics, cosmology, and material sciences among many others, Supercomputers are used.
• 2. Weather prediction and climate modeling:
• Eg. Pratyush and Mihir Supercomputers are used for weather predictions.
• 3. Big Data Analytics:
•  It is the process of extracting useful information by analyzing different big data sets.
• 4. Optimization:
• It is the process of finding the best possible solution for a given problem.
• Supercomputers can be used to accelerate the solution search process.
• 5. Simulations:
• It refers to the process of imitating the behavior of a system or process in order to understand its characteristics and predict its performance.
• Simulation is helpful in predicting weather patterns, complex systems such as aircraft, space crafts, etc
• 6. Computational Biology:
• It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both biology and computer science to analyze large collections of biological data such as genetic sequences, protein samples, etc.

Supercomputing in India (7:54 PM)

• Supercomputing in India started in the late 1980s after the US denied the import of supercomputers.
• India’s first Supercomputer was built by CDAC: Param 8000 in 1991.
• Pratyush and Mihir are two of the fastest supercomputers in India.
• The government launched National Supercomputing Mission which has the following salient features:
• 1. It envisages empowering our National academic research and development institutions by installing a vast supercomputing grid of more than 70 high-performing supercomputing facilities.
• 2. These supercomputers will be networked over the National Knowledge Network.
• 3. It is implemented by Dopt of Science and Tech and the Dept of Electronics and Information Tech through two organizations CDAC and IISc, Bangalore.
• 1st Supercomputer under this mission: PARAM Shivay
• Fastest under this mission: PARAM Siddhi

THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY